Effects of Preferred versus Nonpreferred Music on Bench Press Performance A Replication and Extension Study
Main Article Content
Abstract
Replication is a fundamental aspect of scientific research, yet few replications have been conducted within strength and conditioning. In this paper we attempt to replicate and extend previous research on the effects of preferred (PREF) vs. nonpreferred (NON-PREF) music on bench press performance and motivation using a close replication of a study by Ballmann et al. (2021). The replication sample included 28 resistance-trained men (Mage = 20.5 years, SD = 1.5), while the extension sample (n = 47) comprised resistance-trained men and women (Mage = 20.6 years, SD = 1.5). Participants listened to PREF and NON-PREF music in a repeated-measures counterbalanced design, while completing bench press repetitions to failure (RTF). Concerning the replication attempt, we found no difference between music conditions for RTF (p = 0.545, Cohen’s dz = 0.12), and the replication and original effect sizes were incompatible (z = -1.88, p = 0.036). For motivation there was no difference between music conditions (p = 0.084, dz = 0.34) and the effect size estimate was incompatible with the original (z = -4.44, p < 0.001). Thus, the original study findings were not replicated. In the extension study, a two-way ANOVA showed no interaction or main effects of sex and music genre on RTF (p > 0.05). There were, however, main effects of sex (p = 0.015) and genre (p = 0.025) on motivation. In addition, attentional focus was different (more dissociative) for PREF vs. NON-PREF music (z = -3.11, p = 0.002), but perceived exertion did not differ between music conditions (p = 1.00, dz = 0.00). Results indicate that music preference does not have a robust effect on bench press performance and associated psychological factors. Athletes, exercisers, and practitioners are encouraged to utilize music that complements the task rather than considering genre preference.
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain the copyright of their manuscripts, and all Open Access articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
References
Abt, G., Boreham, C., Davison, G., Jackson, R., Nevill, A., Wallace, E., & Williams, M. (2020). Power, precision, and sample size estimation in sport and exercise science research. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(17), 1933–1935. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1776002
Anderson, S. F., Kelley, K., & Maxwell, S. E. (2017). Sample-Size Planning for More Accurate Statistical Power: A Method Adjusting Sample Effect Sizes for Publication Bias and Uncertainty. Psychological Science, 28(11), 1547–1562. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617723724
Anderson, S. F., & Maxwell, S. E. (2017). Addressing the “Replication Crisis”: Using Original Studies to Design Replication Studies with Appropriate Statistical Power. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 52(3), 305–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2017.1289361
Asendorpf, J. B., Conner, M., De Fruyt, F., De Houwer, J., Denissen, J. J. A., Fiedler, K., Fiedler, S., Funder, D. C., Kliegl, R., Nosek, B. A., Perugini, M., Roberts, B. W., Schmitt, M., Van Aken, M. A. G., Weber, H., & Wicherts, J. M. (2013). Recommendations for Increasing Replicability in Psychology. European Journal of Personality, 27(2), 108–119. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1919
Ballmann, C. G. (2021). The Influence of Music Preference on Exercise Responses and Performance: A Review. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 6(2), 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020033
Ballmann, C. G., Cook, G. D., Hester, Z. T., Kopec, T. J., Williams, T. D., & Rogers, R. R. (2020). Effects of Preferred and Non-Preferred Warm-Up Music on Resistance Exercise Performance. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 6(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6010003
Ballmann, C. G., McCullum, M. J., Rogers, R. R., Marshall, M. R., & Williams, T. D. (2021). Effects of Preferred vs. Nonpreferred Music on Resistance Exercise Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(6), 1650–1655. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002981
Bartolomei, S., Michele, R. D., & Merni, F. (2015). Effects of Self-Selected Music on Maximal Bench Press Strength and Strength Endurance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 120(3), 714–721. https://doi.org/10.2466/06.30.pms.120v19x9
Beall, J. (2009). The Billboard guide to writing and producing songs that sell: How to create hits in today’s music industry. Billboard Books.
Biagini, M. S., Brown, L. E., Coburn, J. W., Judelson, D. A., Statler, T. A., Bottaro, M., Tran, T. T., & Longo, N. A. (2012). Effects of Self-Selected Music on Strength, Explosiveness, and Mood. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(7), 1934–1938. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e318237e7b3
Bonett, D. G. (2012). Replication-Extension Studies. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(6), 409–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412459512
Borg, D. N., Bon, J. J., Sainani, K. L., Baguley, B. J., Tierney, N. J., & Drovandi, C. (2020). Comment on: “Moving Sport and Exercise Science Forward: A Call for the Adoption of More Transparent Research Practices.” Sports Medicine, 50(8), 1551–1553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01298-5
Borg, G. (1998). Borg’s perceived exertion and pain scales. Human Kinetics.
Brandt, M. J., IJzerman, H., Dijksterhuis, A., Farach, F. J., Geller, J., Giner-Sorolla, R., Grange, J. A., Perugini, M., Spies, J. R., & van ’t Veer, A. (2014). The Replication Recipe: What makes for a convincing replication? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.005
Button, K. S., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Mokrysz, C., Nosek, B. A., Flint, J., Robinson, E. S. J., & Munafò, M. R. (2013). Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(5), 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3475
Caldwell, A. R. (2022, November 17). Exploring Equivalence Testing with the Updated TOSTER R Package. Center for Open Science. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ty8de
Caldwell, A. R., Vigotsky, A. D., Tenan, M. S., Radel, R., Mellor, D. T., Kreutzer, A., Lahart, I. M., Mills, J. P., & Boisgontier, M. P. (2020). Moving Sport and Exercise Science Forward: A Call for the Adoption of More Transparent Research Practices. Sports Medicine, 50(3), 449–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01227-1
Cole, Z., & Maeda, H. (2015). Effects of Listening to Preferential Music on Sex Differences in Endurance Running Performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 121(2), 390–398. https://doi.org/10.2466/06.pms.121c20x9
Cutrufello, P. T., Benson, B. A., & Landram, M. J. (2020). The effect of music on anaerobic exercise performance and muscular endurance. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 60(3). https://doi.org/10.23736/s0022-4707.19.10228-9
Fisher, J., Steele, J., Bruce-Low, S., & Smith, D. (2011). Evidence-Based Resistance Training Recommendations. Medicina Sportiva, 15(3), 147–162. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10036-011-0025-x
Halperin, I., Vigotsky, A. D., Foster, C., & Pyne, D. B. (2018). Strengthening the Practice of Exercise and Sport-Science Research. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(2), 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0322
Hutchinson, J. C., & Jones, L. (2020). Affect and music. In The routledge international encyclopedia of sport and exercise psychology (Vol. 2). Routledge.
Hutchinson, J. C., & Karageorghis, C. I. (2013). Moderating Influence of Dominant Attentional Style and Exercise Intensity on Responses to Asynchronous Music. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35(6), 625–643. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.6.625
Hutchinson, J. C., Karageorghis, C. I., & Black, J. D. (2017). The Dia-beat-es Project: Perceptual, Affective and Psychophysiological Effects of Music and Music-Video in a Clinical Exercise Setting. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 41(1), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.07.009
Jones, L., Karageorghis, C. I., & Ekkekakis, P. (2014). Can High-Intensity Exercise Be More Pleasant? Attentional Dissociation Using Music and Video. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36(5), 528–541. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0251
Lehman, J. T., Whitmire, B. G., Rogers, R. R., Williams, T. D., & Ballmann, C. G. (2022). Effects of respite music on repeated upper-body resistance exercise performance. International Journal of Exercise Science, 15(7). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9987432/
Mesquida, C., Murphy, J., Lakens, D., & Warne, J. (2022). Replication concerns in sports and exercise science: a narrative review of selected methodological issues in the field. Royal Society Open Science, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.220946
Moss, S. L., Enright, K., & Cushman, S. (2018). The influence of music genre on explosive power, repetitions to failure and mood responses during resistance exercise. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 37, 128–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.05.002
Murphy, J., Mesquida, C., Caldwell, A. R., Earp, B. D., & Warne, J. P. (2022). Proposal of a Selection Protocol for Replication of Studies in Sports and Exercise Science. Sports Medicine, 53(1), 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01749-1
Nosek, B. A., & Errington, T. M. (2020). What is replication? PLOS Biology, 18(3), e3000691. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000691
Nosek, B. A., Hardwicke, T. E., Moshontz, H., Allard, A., Corker, K. S., Dreber, A., Fidler, F., Hilgard, J., Kline Struhl, M., Nuijten, M. B., Rohrer, J. M., Romero, F., Scheel, A. M., Scherer, L. D., Schönbrodt, F. D., & Vazire, S. (2022). Replicability, Robustness, and Reproducibility in Psychological Science. Annual Review of Psychology, 73(1), 719–748. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-020821-114157
Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716
Pashler, H., & Wagenmakers, E. (2012). Editors’ Introduction to the Special Section on Replicability in Psychological Science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(6), 528–530. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612465253
Peacock, J., & Peacock, P. (2010). Oxford Handbook of Medical Statistics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199551286.001.0001
Pereira, C. S., Teixeira, J., Figueiredo, P., Xavier, J., Castro, S. L., & Brattico, E. (2011). Music and Emotions in the Brain: Familiarity Matters. PLoS ONE, 6(11), e27241. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027241
Pittelkow, M.-M., Field, S. M., Isager, P. M., van’t Veer, A. E., Anderson, T., Cole, S. N., Dominik, T., Giner-Sorolla, R., Gok, S., Heyman, T., Jekel, M., Luke, T. J., Mitchell, D. B., Peels, R., Pendrous, R., Sarrazin, S., Schauer, J. M., Specker, E., Tran, U. S., … van Ravenzwaaij, D. (2023). The process of replication target selection in psychology: what to consider? Royal Society Open Science, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210586
Shi, Y., Lim, Y., & Suh, C. S. (2018). Innovation or deviation? The relationship between boundary crossing and audience evaluation in the music field. PLOS ONE, 13(10), e0203065. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203065
Silva, N. R. dos S., Rizardi, F. G., Fujita, R. A., Villalba, M. M., & Gomes, M. M. (2020). Preferred Music Genre Benefits During Strength Tests: Increased Maximal Strength and Strength-Endurance and Reduced Perceived Exertion. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 128(1), 324–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512520945084
Silver, D., Lee, M., & Childress, C. C. (2016). Genre Complexes in Popular Music. PLOS ONE, 11(5), e0155471. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155471
Sleight, P. (2012). Cardiovascular effects of music by entraining cardiovascular autonomic rhythms music therapy update: tailored to each person, or does one size fit all? Netherlands Heart Journal, 21(2), 99–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-012-0359-6
Tabachnick, B., & Ullman, J. (2012). Choosing your multivariate technique [Data set]. In PsycEXTRA Dataset. American Psychological Association (APA). https://doi.org/10.1037/e676252012-088
Tammen, V. V. (1996). Elite middle and long distance runners associative/dissociative coping. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 8(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413209608406304
Terry, P. C., Karageorghis, C. I., Curran, M. L., Martin, O. V., & Parsons-Smith, R. L. (2020). Effects of music in exercise and sport: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 146(2), 91–117. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000216
Twomey, R., Yingling, V., Warne, J., Schneider, C., McCrum, C., Atkins, W., Murphy, J., Romero Medina, C., Harlley, S., & Caldwell, A. (2021). Nature of Our Literature. Communications in Kinesiology, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.51224/cik.v1i3.43
Warburton, D. E. R., Jamnik, V., Bredin, S. S. D., Shephard, R. J., & Gledhill, N. (2019). The 2020 Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire for Everyone (PAR-Q+) and electronic Physical Activity Readiness Medical Examination (ePARmed-X+). The Health & Fitness Journal of Canada, 12(4), 58–61. https://doi.org/10.14288/HFJC.V12I4.295
Willardson, J. M. (2006). A Brief Review: Factors Affecting the Length of the Rest Interval Between Resistance Exercise Sets. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(4), 978–984. https://doi.org/10.1519/r-17995.1