Cumulative Evidence Synthesis and Consideration of “Research Waste” Using Bayesian Methods An example updating a previous meta-analysis of self-talk interventions for sport/motor performance
Main Article Content
Abstract
In the present paper we demonstrate the application of methods for cumulative evidence synthesis including Bayesian meta-analysis, and exploration of questionable research practices such as publication bias or p-hacking, in the sport and exercise sciences for the evaluation of experimental interventions. The use of such methods can aid in study planning and avoid “research waste”. In demonstrating and discussing these methods we use the example of self-talk interventions and their effects upon sport/motor performance given a quantitative evidence synthesis has not been conducted on this topic, to the best of our knowledge, since 2011 when Hatzigeorgiadis et al. (2011) conducted their systematic review and meta-analysis. As such, this topic is ripe to use in demonstrating cumulative methods such as Bayesian updating. Therefore, our aim was to conduct an updated systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis replicating the search, inclusion, and models of Hatzigeorgiadis et al. (2011) and demonstrate the application of cumulative evidence synthesis methods including; consideration of the initial probability that a new study of the effects of self-talk interventions would shift our prior belief in their effectiveness, the application of priors taken from the previous meta-analysis to be updated by new studies identified to a new posterior estimate of effect, and consideration of other possible sources of research waste from questionable research practices such as publication bias and p-hacking. Such methods as those demonstrated here, when used prospectively, can aid researchers in determining whether further research of a particular experimental intervention is in fact warranted. Considering the limited resources and time for conducting research we hope that highlighting the application of these methods might help researchers in the field to avoid research waste and more productively direct their research efforts.
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain the copyright of their manuscripts, and all Open Access articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
References
Bartoš, František, Maximilian Maier, Daniel S. Quintana, and Eric-Jan Wagenmakers. 2022. “Adjusting for Publication Bias in JASP and R: Selection Models, PET-PEESE, and Robust Bayesian Meta-Analysis.” Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 5 (3): 25152459221109259. https://doi.org/10.1177/25152459221109259.
Bartoš, František, Maximilian Maier, Eric-Jan Wagenmakers, Hristos Doucouliagos, and T. D. Stanley. 2023. “Robust Bayesian Meta-Analysis: Model-averaging Across Complementary Publication Bias Adjustment Methods.” Research Synthesis Methods 14 (1): 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1594.
Barwood, Martin J., Jo Corbett, Christopher R. D. Wagstaff, Dan McVeigh, and Richard C. Thelwell. 2015. “Improvement of 10-Km Time-Trial Cycling with Motivational Self-Talk Compared with Neutral Self-Talk.” International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10 (2): 166–71. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0059.
Becker, Betsy Jane. 2005. “Failsafe N or File-Drawer Number.” In Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis, 111–25. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470870168.ch7.
Beneka, Anastasia, Paraskevi Malliou, Asimenia Gioftsidou, Nikolaos Kofotolis, Stella Rokka, Savvas Mavromoustakos, and George Godolias. 2013. “Effects of Instructional and Motivational Self-Talk on Balance Performance in Knee Injured.” European Journal of Physiotherapy 15 (2): 56–63. https://doi.org/10.3109/21679169.2013.776109.
Biau, David J., Samuel Boulezaz, Laurent Casabianca, Moussa Hamadouche, Philippe Anract, and Sylvie Chevret. 2017. “Using Bayesian Statistics to Estimate the Likelihood a New Trial Will Demonstrate the Efficacy of a New Treatment.” BMC Medical Research Methodology 17 (1): 128. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-017-0401-x.
Blanchfield, Anthony William, James Hardy, Helma Majella De Morree, Walter Staiano, and Samuele Maria Marcora. 2014. “Talking Yourself Out of Exhaustion: The Effects of Self-Talk on Endurance Performance.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 46 (5): 998–1007. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000184.
Brinthaupt, Thomas M., and Alain Morin. 2023. “Self-Talk: Research Challenges and Opportunities.” Frontiers in Psychology 14.
Cabral, Luana L., Caroline K. da Silva, Denis Delisle-Rodriguez, Adriano E. Lima-Silva, Evangelos Galanis, Maurizio Bertollo, Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis, John J. Villarejo-Mayor, and Gleber Pereira. 2023. “Motivational Self-Talk Mitigates the Harmful Impact of Mental Fatigue on Endurance Performance.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 0 (0): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2023.2208643.
Chambers, Christopher D., and Loukia Tzavella. 2022. “The Past, Present and Future of Registered Reports.” Nature Human Behaviour 6 (1): 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01193-7.
Chang, Yu-Kai, Li-An Ho, Frank Jing-Horng Lu, Ching-Chieh Ou, Tai-Feng Song, and Diane L. Gill. 2014. “Self-Talk and Softball Performance: The Role of Self-Talk Nature, Motor Task Characteristics, and Self-Efficacy in Novice Softball Players.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 15 (1): 139–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.004.
Clarke, Mike, Anne Brice, and Iain Chalmers. 2014. “Accumulating Research: A Systematic Account of How Cumulative Meta-Analyses Would Have Provided Knowledge, Improved Health, Reduced Harm and Saved Resources.” PLoS ONE 9 (7): e102670. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102670.
de Matos, Lorena Fernanda, Maurizio Bertollo, Joice Mara Facco Stefanello, Flávio Oliveira Pires, Caroline Kêmela da Silva, Fábio Yuzo Nakamura, and Gleber Pereira. 2021. “Motivational Self-Talk Improves Time-Trial Swimming Endurance Performance in Amateur Triathletes.” International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 19 (3): 446–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1717576.
Eronen, Markus I., and Laura F. Bringmann. 2021. “The Theory Crisis in Psychology: How to Move Forward.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 16 (4): 779–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620970586.
Flake, Jessica Kay, and Eiko I. Fried. 2020. “Measurement Schmeasurement: Questionable Measurement Practices and How to Avoid Them.” Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 3 (4): 456–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245920952393.
Friese, Malte, and Julius Frankenbach. 2020. “P-Hacking and Publication Bias Interact to Distort Meta-Analytic Effect Size Estimates.” Psychological Methods 25 (4): 456–71. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000246.
Galanis, Evangelos, Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis, Fedra Charachousi, Alexander T. Latinjak, Nikos Comoutos, and Yannis Theodorakis. 2022. “Strategic Self-Talk Assists Basketball Free Throw Performance Under Conditions of Physical Exertion.” Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 4.
Galanis, Evangelos, Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis, Nikos Comoutos, Fedra Charachousi, and Xavier Sanchez. 2018. “From the Lab to the Field: Effects of Self-Talk on Task Performance Under Distracting Conditions.” The Sport Psychologist 32 (1): 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0017.
Galanis, Evangelos, Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis, Nikos Comoutos, Athanasios Papaioannou, Ioannis D. Morres, and Yannis Theodorakis. 2022. “Effects of a Strategic Self-Talk Intervention on Attention Functions.” International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 20 (5): 1368–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2021.1963304.
Galanis, Evangelos, Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis, Nikos Zourbanos, and Yannis Theodorakis. 2016. “Chapter 8 - Why Self-Talk Is Effective? Perspectives on Self-Talk Mechanisms in Sport.” In Sport and Exercise Psychology Research, edited by Markus Raab, Paul Wylleman, Roland Seiler, Anne-Marie Elbe, and Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis, 181–200. San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803634-1.00008-X.
Galanis, Evangelos, Eleftherios Papagiannis, Laur Nurkse, Yannis Theodorakis, and Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis. 2023. “The Effects of Strategic Self-Talk on Divided Attention Following Physical Exhaustion.” International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 21 (5): 883–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2022.2090989.
Geurts, Bart. 2018. “Making Sense of Self Talk.” Review of Philosophy and Psychology 9 (2): 271–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-017-0375-y.
Glasziou, Paul, and Iain Chalmers. 2018. “Research Waste Is Still a Scandal—an Essay by Paul Glasziou and Iain Chalmers.” BMJ 363 (November): k4645. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k4645.
Grainger, Matthew J., Friederike C. Bolam, Gavin B. Stewart, and Erlend B. Nilsen. 2020. “Evidence Synthesis for Tackling Research Waste.” Nature Ecology & Evolution 4 (4): 495–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1141-6.
Gregersen, Jón, Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis, Evangelos Galanis, Nikos Comoutos, and Athanasios Papaioannou. 2017. “Countering the Consequences of Ego Depletion: The Effects of Self-Talk on Selective Attention.” Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 39 (3): 161–71. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2016-0265.
Gronau, Quentin F., Henrik Singmann, and Eric-Jan Wagenmakers. 2020. “Bridgesampling: An R Package for Estimating Normalizing Constants.” Journal of Statistical Software 92 (February): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v092.i10.
Gunnell, Katie, Veronica J. Poitras, and David Tod. 2020. “Questions and Answers about Conducting Systematic Reviews in Sport and Exercise Psychology.” International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 13 (1): 297–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2019.1695141.
Hagger, M. S. 2006. “Meta-Analysis in Sport and Exercise Research: Review, Recent Developments, and Recommendations.” European Journal of Sport Science 6 (2): 103–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390500528527.
Hagger, Martin. 2022. “Meta-Analysis.” International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 15 (1): 120–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1966824.
Hagger, Martin S., and Kyra Hamilton. 2024. “Testing Theory Predictions and Intervention Mechanisms of Action in Sport and Exercise Psychology Using Meta-Analysis.” Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, No Pagination Specified–. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000352.
Hardy, James, Nikos Comoutos, and Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis. 2018. “Reflections on the Maturing Research Literature of Self-Talk in Sport: Contextualizing the Special Issue.” The Sport Psychologist 32 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0141.
Hatzigeorgiadis, Antonis, Khelifa Bartura, Christos Argiropoulos, Nikos Comoutos, Evangelos Galanis, and Andreas D. Flouris. 2018. “Beat the Heat: Effects of a Motivational Self-Talk Intervention on Endurance Performance.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 30 (4): 388–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2017.1395930.
Hatzigeorgiadis, Antonis, Evangelos Galanis, Nikos Zourbanos, and Yannis Theodorakis. 2014. “Self-Talk and Competitive Sport Performance.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 26 (1): 82–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2013.790095.
Hatzigeorgiadis, Antonis, Nikos Zourbanos, Evangelos Galanis, and Yiannis Theodorakis. 2011. “Self-Talk and Sports Performance: A Meta-Analysis.” Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science 6 (4): 348–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611413136.
Heene, Moritz. 2010. “A Brief History of the Fail Safe Number in Applied Research.” arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1010.2326.
Higgins, Julian P T, Simon G Thompson, and David J Spiegelhalter. 2009. “A Re-Evaluation of Random-Effects Meta-Analysis.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A, (Statistics in Society) 172 (1): 137–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-985X.2008.00552.x.
Hong, Xiaobin, Yingying Liao, Yan Shi, Changzhu Qi, Mengyan Zhao, and Judy L. Van Raalte. 2020. “An Empirical Test of the Self-Talk Dissonance Hypothesis: The Effects of Self-Talk Overtness and Personality on Performance.” The Sport Psychologist 34 (3): 173–76. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2019-0134.
Jeffreys, Harold. 1998. The Theory of Probability. OUP Oxford.
Kolovelonis, Athanasios, Marios Goudas, and Irini Dermitzaki. 2011. “The Effects of Instructional and Motivational Self-Talk on Students’ Motor Task Performance in Physical Education.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 12 (2): 153–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.09.002.
Kruschke, John K., and Torrin M. Liddell. 2018. “The Bayesian New Statistics: Hypothesis Testing, Estimation, Meta-Analysis, and Power Analysis from a Bayesian Perspective.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 25 (1): 178–206. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1221-4.
Lakens, Daniel. 2023. “Concerns about Replicability, Theorizing, Applicability, Generalizability, and Methodology Across Two Crises in Social Psychology.” OSF. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dtvs7.
Lane, Andrew M., Peter Totterdell, Ian MacDonald, Tracey J. Devonport, Andrew P. Friesen, Christopher J. Beedie, Damian Stanley, and Alan Nevill. 2016. “Brief Online Training Enhances Competitive Performance: Findings of the BBC Lab UK Psychological Skills Intervention Study.” Frontiers in Psychology 7.
Latinjak, Alexander T., Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis, Nikos Comoutos, and James Hardy. 2019. “Speaking Clearly . . . 10 Years on: The Case for an Integrative Perspective of Self-Talk in Sport.” Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology 8 (4): 353–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000160.
Latinjak, Alexander T., Alain Morin, Thomas M. Brinthaupt, James Hardy, Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis, Philip C. Kendall, Christopher Neck, et al. 2023. “Self-Talk: An Interdisciplinary Review and Transdisciplinary Model.” Review of General Psychology, June, 10892680231170263. https://doi.org/10.1177/10892680231170263.
Latinjak, Alexander T., Miguel Torregrosa, and Jordi Renom. 2011. “Combining Self Talk and Performance Feedback: Their Effectiveness With Adult Tennis Players.” The Sport Psychologist 25 (1): 18–31. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.25.1.18.
Lee, Michael D., and Eric-Jan Wagenmakers. 2014. Bayesian Cognitive Modeling: A Practical Course. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139087759.
Liu, Hong-Yu, Frank J. H. Lu, Yawen Hsu, Diane L Gill, Yi-Hsiang Chiu, and Yu-Hao Peng. 2022. “Interactive Effects on Motor Performance of Mindfulness, Performance Under Pressure, Self-Talk, and Motor Task Characteristics.” Perceptual and Motor Skills 129 (2): 307–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125211069042.
Lochbaum, Marc, Elisabeth Stoner, Tristen Hefner, Sydney Cooper, Andrew M. Lane, and Peter C. Terry. 2022. “Sport Psychology and Performance Meta-Analyses: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” PloS One 17 (2): e0263408. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263408.
Lund, Hans, Karen A. Robinson, Ane Gjerland, Hanna Nykvist, Thea Marie Drachen, Robin Christensen, Carsten Bogh Juhl, et al. 2022. “Meta-Research Evaluating Redundancy and Use of Systematic Reviews When Planning New Studies in Health Research: A Scoping Review.” Systematic Reviews 11 (1): 241. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-022-02096-y.
Marshall, Dave VJ, Stephanie J. Hanrahan, and Nikos Comoutos. 2016. “The Effects of Self-Talk Cues on the Putting Performance of Golfers Susceptible to Detrimental Putting Performances Under High Pressure Settings.” International Journal of Golf Science 5 (2): 116–34.
McCormick, Alister, Carla Meijen, and Samuele Marcora. 2018. “Effects of a Motivational Self-Talk Intervention for Endurance Athletes Completing an Ultramarathon.” The Sport Psychologist 32 (1): 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0018.
McShane, Blakeley B., Ulf Böckenholt, and Karsten T. Hansen. 2016. “Adjusting for Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis: An Evaluation of Selection Methods and Some Cautionary Notes.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 11 (5): 730–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616662243.
Morris, Scott B. 2008. “Estimating Effect Sizes From Pretest-Posttest-Control Group Designs.” Organizational Research Methods 11 (2): 364–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428106291059.
Moss, Jonas, and Riccardo De Bin. 2023. “Modelling Publication Bias and p -Hacking.” Biometrics 79 (1): 319–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/biom.13560.
Naderirad, Nastaran, Behrouz Abdoli, Alireza Farsi, and Hamidollah Hassanlouei. 2023. “The Effect of Instructional and Motivational Self-Talk on Accuracy and Electromyography of Active and Passive Muscles in Elbow Joint Position Sense Test.” International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 21 (4): 600–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2022.2078854.
Osman, Noorzaliza, Ernie Leong Yen Lee, Nor Fazila Abd Malek, Abdul Muiz Nur Asmi, Nurul Fadhilah Abdullah, and Ali Md Nadzalan. 2022. “The Effects of Instructional and Motivational Self-Talk on Axe Kick Performance in Taekwondo.” Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology 22 (5): 42–47.
Panteli, Flora, Charilaos Tsolakis, Dimitris Efthimiou, and Athanasia Smirniotou. 2013. “Acquisition of the Long Jump Skill, Using Different Learning Techniques.” The Sport Psychologist 27 (1): 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.27.1.40.
Raalte, Judy L. Van, Allen E. Cornelius, Elizabeth M. Mullin, Britton W. Brewer, Erika D. Van Dyke, Alicia J. Johnson, and Takehiro Iwatsuki. 2018. “I Will Use Declarative Self-Talk . . . Or Will I? Replication, Extension, and Meta-Analyses.” The Sport Psychologist 32 (1): 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2016-0088.
Raalte, Judy L. Van, Lorraine Wilson, Allen Cornelius, and Britton W. Brewer. 2018. “Self-Talk in a SCUBA Diving Context.” The Sport Psychologist 32 (3): 244–47. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0091.
Rodgers, Melissa A., and James E. Pustejovsky. 2021. “Evaluating Meta-Analytic Methods to Detect Selective Reporting in the Presence of Dependent Effect Sizes.” Psychological Methods 26 (2): 141–60. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000300.
Rodriguez-Sanchez, Francisco, cre, cph, Connor P. Jackson, Shaurita D. Hutchins, and James M. Clawson. 2023. “Grateful: Facilitate Citation of R Packages.”
Röver, Christian, Ralf Bender, Sofia Dias, Christopher H. Schmid, Heinz Schmidli, Sibylle Sturtz, Sebastian Weber, and Tim Friede. 2021. “On Weakly Informative Prior Distributions for the Heterogeneity Parameter in Bayesian Random-Effects Meta-Analysis.” Research Synthesis Methods 12 (4): 448–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1475.
Sarig, Yonatan, Montse C. Ruiz, Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis, and Gershon Tenenbaum. 2023. “The Effects of Instructional Self-Talk on Quiet-Eye Duration and Golf-Putting Performance.” The Sport Psychologist 37 (3): 201–9. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2023-0023.
Scheel, Anne M., Leonid Tiokhin, Peder M. Isager, and Daniël Lakens. 2021. “Why Hypothesis Testers Should Spend Less Time Testing Hypotheses.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 16 (4): 744–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620966795.
Stanley, T. D., and Hristos Doucouliagos. 2014. “Meta-Regression Approximations to Reduce Publication Selection Bias.” Research Synthesis Methods 5 (1): 60–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1095.
Steele, James, James P. Fisher, Dave Smith, Brad J. Schoenfeld, Yefeng Yang, and Shinichi Nakagawa. 2023. “Meta-Analysis of Variation in Sport and Exercise Science: Examples of Application Within Resistance Training Research.” Journal of Sports Sciences 41 (17): 1617–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2023.2286748.
Turner, M. J., L. Kirkham, and A. G. Wood. 2018. “Teeing up for Success: The Effects of Rational and Irrational Self-Talk on the Putting Performance of Amateur Golfers.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 38 (September): 148–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.06.012.
Van Raalte, Judy L., Andrew Vincent, and Britton W. Brewer. 2016. “Self-Talk: Review and Sport-Specific Model.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 22 (January): 139–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.08.004.
Van Raalte, Judy L., Andrew Vincent, Yani L. Dickens, and Britton W. Brewer. 2019. “Toward a Common Language, Categorization, and Better Assessment in Self-Talk Research: Commentary on ‘Speaking Clearly . . . 10 Years on’.” Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology 8 (4): 368–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000172.
Wallace, Phillip J., Brandon J. Mckinlay, Nico A. Coletta, Janae I. Vlaar, Michael J. Taber, Philip M. Wilson, and Stephen S. Cheung. 2017. “Effects of Motivational Self-Talk on Endurance and Cognitive Performance in the Heat.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49 (1): 191. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001087.
Walter, Nadja, Lucie Nikoleizig, and Dorothee Alfermann. 2019. “Effects of Self-Talk Training on Competitive Anxiety, Self-Efficacy, Volitional Skills, and Performance: An Intervention Study with Junior Sub-Elite Athletes.” Sports 7 (6): 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7060148.
Weinberg, Robert, Abby Miller, and Thelma Horn. 2012. “The Influence of a Self-Talk Intervention on Collegiate Cross-Country Runners.” International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 10 (2): 123–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2012.645135.
Williams, Donald R., Philippe Rast, and Paul-Christian Bürkner. 2018. “Bayesian Meta-Analysis with Weakly Informative Prior Distributions.” PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7tbrm.
Wolff, Wanja, and Jérémie Gaveau. 2024. “Bayesian Cumulative Evidence Synthesis and Identification of Questionable Research Practices in Health & Movement Science.” Peer Community in Health and Movement Sciences 1 (November): 100044. https://doi.org/10.24072/pci.healthmovsci.100044.
Young, Alexander D., Daniel B. Hollander, Brandonte A. Baiamonte, Ashley Bowers, Edward P. Hebert, and Robert R. Kraemer. 2023. “How Much Does Self- Talk Influence Fatigue? A Comparison of Performance, Perceived Exertion, and Neuromuscular Patterns During High-Intensity Power Cleans:” International Journal of Strength and Conditioning 3 (1). https://doi.org/10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.255.
Zetou, Eleni, Nikolaos Vernadakis, Evangelos Bebetsos, and Nikolaos Liadakis. 2014. “The Effect of Self-Talk on Tae-kwon-do Skills’ Learning of Novice Athletes and Perceived Use of It.” Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 9 (1): 124–35. https://doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2014.91.13.
Zourbanos, Nikos, Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis, Dimitris Bardas, and Yannis Theodorakis. 2013a. “The Effects of Self-Talk on Dominant and Nondominant Arm Performance on a Handball Task in Primary Physical Education Students.” The Sport Psychologist 27 (2): 171–76. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.27.2.171.
———. 2013b. “The Effects of a Self-Talk Intervention on Elementary Students’ Motor Task Performance.” Early Child Development and Care 183 (7): 924–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2012.693487.